We propose a novel hybrid face recognition, which uses appearance‐based features extracted using deep convolutional networks and statistical facial dynamics features extracted from facial landmark positions during smile expression. Under such conditions, soft‐biometric features such as facial dynamics are expected to increase the performance if they are used together with appearance‐based features. severe illumination and contrast variations blur and noise). These results indicate that facial expressions can be used to assess human-animal empathy.Īlthough recent deep‐learning‐based face recognition methods give remarkable accuracies on large databases, their performance has been shown to degrade under adverse conditions (e.g.
Both the self-reported and facial measures varied with species and procedure witnessed. Participants who reported more intense negative responses also showed stronger facial expressions (slope ± SE = 0.4 ± 0.04). Participants showed more intense facial expressions while viewing painful procedures versus control procedures (mean ± SE Likert 2.4 ± 0.08 versus 0.6 ± 0.17). Videos of the participants (watching the animals) were scored for intensity of unpleasantness of the participants' facial expression (also on an 11-point Likert scale) by a trained observer who was blind to treatment. Participants provided their subjective rating of the intensity of 5 negative emotions (pain, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) on an 11-point Likert scale. disbudding, castration, tail docking) and control videos (e.g. Participants (n = 30) were asked to watch publicly sourced video clips of cows and pigs undergoing common management procedures (e.g. Here we provide the first evidence that this measure can also be used to assess human empathetic responses towards farm animals, showing that facial expressions respond reliably when participants view videos of farm animals undergoing painful procedures. Viewing other humans in pain elicits facial expressions indicative of empathy. Facial expressions provide a quantifiable measure of emotional response that may be less susceptible to social desirability bias and other issues associated with self-report.
People often express concern for the welfare of farm animals, but research on this topic has relied upon self-report.
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